The risk of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) outbreaks in the shrimp
farms are governed by interactions between host, pathogen, and environmental factors. Among
the environmental factors, temperature plays distinct role in triggering diseases. Temperature
fluctuation is not only an acceleration–deceleration modulation of the whole cell’s enzymatic
activity but also affects membrane-associated functions and leads to changes in bacterial
virulence gene expression. Moreover, temperature is one of abiotic stresses which arouse
pathogen infection by changing host susceptibility. In the present study, we investigated the
effect of different diurnal temperature fluctuation on the growth and expression of virulence
genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND strain (VpAHPND) cultured in a bioreactor. The
pathogen, which had evolved under 3 different temperature patterns for 4 days, and an ancestor
of the evolved strains (AAHMRU04), were observed for their virulence gene expressions by
using quantitative RT-PCR. The mRNA expression levels for 3 virulence factors including
Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) A toxin and Pir B toxin and membrane-associated
transcriptional factor (ToxR) were measured. The transcriptional analysis demonstrated that all
evolved strains exhibited the expression levels of virulence genes different from those of the
ancestor, which was further supporting its pathogenicity. In conclusion, the temperature
fluctuation is an important environmental factor that influences the virulence of VpAHPND and
these results would contribute to further study on the pathogenesis and host defensive system in
the diurnal temperature fluctuation.